The. Android devices to run PPSSPP on Nearly any recent phone will work just fine. 6-inch. Optional tessellation support is provided by the three tessellation stages (two programmable and one fixed function): the hull shader, tessellator, and domain shader. 9. Triangle or quad meshes are tessellated on-the-fly, where the tessellation level is chosen adaptively in a separate shader. 6-inch and 17. This is using technique. A computer screen is made up of tiny dots called pixels. @hrydgard I just make this thread to talk about implementing this feature besides other platforms. - Clean up hardware tasseletion setting · hrydgard/ppsspp@a0f0a06 . Google Scholar; HyeongYeop Kang, Hanyoung Jang, Chang-Sik Cho, and JungHyun Han. The basic idea of hardware tessellation is to generate highly detailed geometry at runtime from a coarser representation. Inti dari semua setting PPSSPP Gold ini terletak pada bagian ini nih. Set Analog limiter to 0. For discussion use the forums at forums. The hardware tessellator only generates topology; attributes such as positions or texture coordinates of the newly generated vertices are determined in a domain. Rendering. The PPSSPP core supports OpenGL, Vulkan, and Direct3D 11 rendering. "Simulate block transfer effects" will fix some weird black boxes in some games, but it's heavy for the GPU, some games will not take advantage of this setting, so it. Instead of world units, we're going to use pixels, so a range like 5–100 makes more sense. Want to contribute? Join us on Discord at or just send pull requests / issues. Kurang lebih seperti ini ilustrasinya: 1. A heightmap is created to define the shape of the terrain. Kurang lebih seperti ini ilustrasinya: 1. It was retailed for $249. Starting in the 19th. RE: PPSSPP options explained. Actions. Spline/Bezier curves quality – High. There's a graphics glitch on the ground in vulkan backend if hardware tessellation is ON (VULKAN) hw tessellation on vk_hw_tessellation_on. ppdmp. D3D11 and OpenGL 4 al-low triangles within a patch to be generated in any order so long as the order is repeatable. Heaven Benchmark is a GPU-intensive benchmark that hammers graphics cards to the limits. 99, with a 15. In this stage, according to the tessellation factor, domain was created to represent the geometry path, and subdivided into smaller area. Setting Grafik. In this paper we present a fractional parametric splitting scheme for Reyes‐style adaptive tessellation. Run any PSP game on Android, iOS, or PC in HD. >VSync. (will be inserted by the editor) Patch-Based Occlusion Culling for Hardware Tessellation Matthias Nießner · Charles Loop Abstract We present an occlusion culling algorithm approach is unstructured in the sense that we can pro- that leverages the unique characteristics of patch prim- cess standard lists (buffers) of patch primitives and. 1 Hardware Transform Problem In Mali 400MP GPU #7812. ppsspp. Open the App and then locate the ISO file from the ‘Game’ Section. ing raycasting. Of course, if a game does an invalid memory access, the whole emu will crash as a result. It is possible that my tessellation amount varies across the two methods, but they should be fairly similar in terms of total number of triangles. Examples of tessellations in the art can be found among the works of M. I found a thread on the forums from years ago, but I'm wondering if anything has changed between then and now. We present a novel approach for real-time rendering Loop subdivision surfaces on modern graphics hardware. PPSSPP 1. Using AMD's GPU PerfStudio tool to visualise object meshes using techniques used a month ago in a French Crysis 2. Fisher1 and M. Carry out reality in video games light plays an important role, as in 3D games nothing can be seen without light. [Download] PES 2022 PPSSPP ISO – Texture & Savedata PSP Emulator(PS5 and PS4 Camera) [Download] Install PES 2020 ISO PPSSPP Offline Highly Compressed (PS4 Camera and save data) Features of PES 2021 ppsspp original French version + French Commentary Highly Compressed. yusov@intel. These vertices coorespond to the corner of a quad. Hardware tesselation is used for spline/bezier curves, activating it will simply move out processing of those pretty curves from CPU to GPU, depending on your hardware this might be a speedup or a slowdown nothing else should be expected from it. What is hardware tessellation in PPSSPP? Tesselation in the context of PPSSPP is the rarely-used hardware functionality that the PSP has to generate curved geometry. Setting it to higher values than 1x can affect performance, depending on your hardware, but will create a much nicer and sharper image. # Langkah 4 – Setting System. this doesn't work for me, i have pasted all the shaders on the shaders folder but my ppsspp doesn't recognize em (09-29-2013 10:26 PM) LunaMoo Wrote: It started some time ago with just my fast growning customizable shader for quite a while, but finally we have more than one shader here, so slight reformat was needed. Each ring consists of n L-shaped sectors that fit together smoothly at their tips to form a curved annulus, called surface ring. You don’t have to check all the options to get a smooth gaming experience if you have a fast device. VR APK for Quest and Pico. - Clean up hardware tessellation setting · hrydgard/ppsspp@a0f0a06Generated tessellation patterns of triangle and quad patch domains for different tessellation factors. dynamic patch tessellation. 11b. We develop an efficient crack-filling algorithm based on conservative rasterization and visibility buffer to fill the tessellation-induced cracks while greatly reducing the jagged. It allows users to enjoy PSP games on different devices. Especially for real-time rendering, data is tessellated into. We formulate it into an inverse tessellation problem that first computes. In the Shader Model 5 this value is the same: “The maxTessFactor is a float32 value in the range {1. unknownbrackets added Feature Request Platform-specific (iOS) labels on Mar 24, 2017. Compared to evaluation based on hardware tessellation, our method has achieved a significant speedup of 2. ago. ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Papers, 1000-1009, 2005. hardware tessellation. -[Unknown] All reactions. 78, the tessellation is made up of squares. 3. Select the ISO file of the game you want to play. Kartowl Junior Member: Posts: 3 Joined: Oct 2017 Reputation: 0: HW Tessellation what does it do? I cant find any info on what HW Tessallation does in PPSSPP, can someone tell me what it tessellates, because I cant see any difference when its turned on or off, I tested Monster. 0. We present a novel method for high-performance GPU-based rendering of. Post: #1. Post: #1. Tessellation is a major feature of the DirectX 11 API. · Issue #9249 · hrydgard/ppsspp · GitHub. Add your PSP games to PPSSPP or play games on PPSSPP and you'll get better. Some of the features/changes listed on the main page of Ishiiruka are only on Ishiiruka. 99 as tested, because our review unit is custom-configured with Windows 11 Pro—the same hardware with Win 11 Home (model 13-bf0797nr) is a more tempting. cp. Esto hará que el videojuego vaya más fluido. Well, it was reported before hardware tessellation was even implemented, and in stable versions presumably without that change merged. EDIT: But you can play PSP games, no problem. Find and select the application to add to Radeon Settings and click Open . // At least 3 for hardware tessellation:I don't think HW tessellation isn't support for GLES 2. Going into more details, this DX11 renderer works with Unreal, Unreal Tournament, Deus Ex and Rune. Paste cheats in the cheats folder. You should also turn on hardware transform, mipmapping, vertex cache, software skinning, lazy texture caching. Game or games this happens in NPUH10119 - King Of Fighters '96 What area of the game / PPSSPP If I enable hw tesselation on KOF '96 the ppsspp emulator is crashing without blue screen showi. The nature of the tessellation hardware allows you to specify a subdivision factor per edge and interior of each primitive dynamically. For other emulators that run on PSP hardware, see Emulators on PSP. Triangle or quad meshes are tessellated on-the-fly, where the tessellation level is chosen adaptively in a separate shader. Materials that add 3d detail to a low poly mesh). Notifications. The title creates the shader, then code for the hardware is extracted from compiled shaders passed into the runtime when shaders are bound to the pipeline. 99; $1,649. In Figure 10. 00. It. It is written by Henrik Hrydgard. ini at master · hrydgard/ppsspp. by Judek2(m): 10:08am On Sep 19, 2017Pursuit Force (USA) hardware tessellation terrain missing. It is designed for embedded systems like. Hardware tessellation and Shader Model 5. There are four squares meeting at a vertex. Hardware tessellation by xebra · Pull Request #9210 · hrydgard/ppsspp · GitHub I implemented hardware tessellation, currently only on OpenGL. 16. Star 9k. OpenGL for Embedded Systems (OpenGL ES or GLES) is a subset of the OpenGL computer graphics rendering application programming interface (API) for rendering 2D and 3D computer graphics such as those used by video games, typically hardware-accelerated using a graphics processing unit (GPU). ppdmp. - ppsspp/GameSettingsScreen. Tessellation allows for massive division of those triangles, whereby each halving (or doubling, depending on. 1(b, h). Dax x JSO x CSO. Dynamic tessellation allows you to easily control the visual fidelity of the meshes in your scene on a per primitive basis as well as remove obnoxious mesh popping from LoD mesh swaps. 119:/ hardware transform problem since last updated Thread Rating: 0 Votes - 0 Average; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5So from an artists view it would generally be the same as using parallax mapping, but would just look much better. It was first released to the public on. Also, I basically just turn on auto flush always when using the GE debugger these days, so let's turn it on by default. 6. Install the app on your Android device. As tested at a value of $399 (though seen on sale for as low as $379), the Acer Aspire 3 (A315-24P) includes an AMD Ryzen 3 7320U processor (CPU), which has four cores and eight threads, 8GB of. Beziers and PSP Splines hardware tessellation (used by some games) Sustained performance mode to avoid thermal regulation; Bug fixes and compatibility improvements. So if you can investigate about the issue of causing the crash. The z-coordinates (Zi) of control. The default settings are the balance between accury and performance. Continue where you left off by transferring saves from your real PSP. To add an application to Radeon Settings within the Gaming section, click on Add > Browse. Provide convenient classes to interop between compute and draw APIs. NVidia hairworks (and now godrays) uses absurdly high levels of tessellation because the performance hit to AMD cards is much much higher than the performance hit to their own cards. ppsspp. # Langkah 2 – Setting Audio. Proses pengaturan ini perlu kamu lakukan agar kamu bisa melakukan pengaturan dari awal dengan mudah. The guys at The Tech Report have stepped through and analysed the most anticipated feature in the Crysis 2 DX11 update, hardware tessellation, with some great screenshots to illustrate their findings. on ppsspp most games plays great. Click on the application tile to customize its graphics settings. Bug fixes and compatibility improvements. What is hardware tessellation in PPSSPP? Tesselation in the context of PPSSPP is the rarely-used hardware functionality that the PSP has to generate curved. However, like the mesh shader, the task shader also uses a cooperative thread mode. 1. We will revisit this program in adaptive tessellation. Pes 2020 iso ppsspp highly compressed is a football game for the PSP (Playstation Portable) platform. RE: Hardware transform feature (Android) It uses graphics hardware on your device to run transform ("T&L", that is, transform, lighting and skinning) on the GPU instead of the CPU. I apologize if this has been already answered, but I need to know what would be the minimum hardware requirement for running PPSSPP on android. org. Uses the hardware to generate lighting and shading effects. Frequently we receive questions about UE’s support of (cross platform) hardware tessellation and our future plans for supporting it. 6. Thanks a lot. hardware tessellation. Hardware tessellation is probably the most notable feature of Direct3D11. Kamu akan dibawa ke laman baru, cari kotak “ Download Now ”. This is a powerful tool. The maximum memory available to an app running in the background is 128 MB. Maximum available memory while running in the foreground: Apps: 1 GB. A new framework for performing on‐the‐fly crack‐free adaptive tessellation of surface primitives completely on the GPU using CUDA and its flexible memory write capabilities is introduced. In the proposed method, we present novel memory-efficient bit-field-based tessellation codes to encode. GPU hardware tessellation enables the generation of smooth parametric surfaces or application of displacement mapping in real-time applications. Ini cocok untuk GPU yang lebih mumpuni daripada CPU sehingga bisa meningkatkan performa game. md","path":"assets/lang/README. The extra shadows from dynamic lights require the very high detail level (which is only available with DirectX 11 hardware). 1 supporting hardware. Using compute shaders instead of the wacky instancing trick we're currently using might help. With the arrival of DX11 class graphics cards ATI and NVIDIA now include hardware tessellation units inside the GPU's, fully programmable. #ppssppnews ** ฟังก์ชั่น Hardware Tessellation ** - PPSSPP ตั้งแต่เวอร์ชั่น 1. If you're really desperate for some extra speed (remember, Speed and FPS are 2 different metrics for measurement in PPSSPP ), you can do the following:-. Sometimes even the imaginative ones are used. 1-2003-g4426f84. and the last version which is working was 1. PPSSPP – PSP Emulator. {"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"assets/lang":{"items":[{"name":"README. so its always on max volume (this also occurred from build v0. . Only John Carmack and those who insisted on portability remained faithful to OpenGL. This has enabled the generation and displacement of smooth parametric surfaces in real-time applications. Tessellation patterns for this general case go back to several authors after [5], for example, in [6] optimized for a hardware implementation, and in [7] for a fast CUDA implementation. Simak juga: Cara Menghilangkan Vokal Pada Lagu Android (Bersih) I started PPSSPP via the terminal and can see this in the output: Once the sun is visible and the glitch is active: 40:28:953 idle0 I[FRAMEBUF]: Common/FramebufferCommon. You never get to enjoy the game play, gameflow and sound. Download PES 2021 ppsspp original French version + French Commentary: PES 2021 is available since September 15, 2020, on PS4 platforms, and Xbox One Pes 2021 iso ppsspp is a football game for the PSP platform. From what I can tell, FSX is not doing additional subdivisions, but simply skipping over vertices as you reduce mesh complexity. 0. Nicolas Schulz: Hardware tessellation does help with the polygon density problem to some degree but we also have other performance metrics to look at, like the number of drawcalls. Kartowl Junior Member: Posts: 3 Joined: Oct 2017 Reputation: 0: HW Tessellation what does it do? I cant find any info on what HW Tessallation does in PPSSPP, can someone tell me what it tessellates, because I cant see any difference when its turned on or off, I tested Monster. For example, Metal supports tessellation, but not hull or domain stages. PPSSPP (android settings) 10-21-2020, 10:16 PM . You won't miss it on a 800p Screen. Storage. e. 1 and above operating system; Minimum of 1 GB of RAM; Minimum of a quad-core processor Playing PPSSPP games just got BEST for me. 1 and above operating system; Minimum of 1 GB of RAM; Minimum of a quad. This page lists some things that have been tested to work. Our review unit is the Asus Zenbook S 13 OLED UX5304VA-XS76T, which has an Intel Core i7-1355U processor with Intel Iris Xe integrated graphics, 32GB of memory, and a 1TB solid-state drive. Bugs are rare, but if found, can be disabled for testing. One thing very Positive about the Deck is its HUGE VRAM. CPU Mhz. I implemented hardware tessellation, currently only on OpenGL. Tessellation simply means increasing your polygon count. 4x is almost exactly equal to 1080p. The core idea is to recursively refine irregular patches using a GPU compute kernel. That is, rendering the 2 million triangles with the tessellation unitFor discussion use the forums at forums. org. The triangle tessellation, shown in Figure 10. To describe how hardware tessellation works, it's probably easiest to start in the middle – with the actual primitive tessellation step, and the various requirements that apply to it. Want to contribute? Join us on Discord at or just send pull requests / issues. o Hardware-tessellation for the background environment o Bézier-curves and adaptive tessellation used for the smooth car surface o Geometry and compute shaders used for multiple effects: HDR tone mapping bloom, lens flares, particles, motion blur o Dynamic lighting and cascaded shadows, realtime reflections on carsHere we will stress the price is $1,369. Hello. Hardware tessellation is one of the new features of DirectX 11 that was unavailable in previous versions. Retain changed textures should be unchecked while keeping Disable slower effects and Hardware Tessellation checked. People are not paying Nvidia prices for AMD hardware (and less features. In this paper, we propose an architecture of tessellation hardware to save memory bandwidth in a mobile multimedia processor. Surfaces can be animated by updating only the patch control points while displacement. Settingan PPSSPP Gold Terbaik Agar Main Game Lancar. Rendering Mode ___ Backend: Vulkan Mode: Buffered Rendering Here's some opinions on what other people say about tessellation and performance. 7 No. Tessellation. Thanks a lot. We present a novel method for adaptive. D 9/1. on ppsspp most games plays great. Every monitor has a maximum amount of times per second it can put a new. For discussion use the. On top of a smooth base surface dis-placement maps can be added to provide high-frequency ge-ometric detail. e. For discussion use the forums at forums. Modding version: WotL; Cleiton Santos. 0–24 COMPUTER GRAPHICS forum Real-time Rendering Techniques with Hardware Tessellation M. Ele também deve ajudar o jogo a funcionar de maneira um pouco mais regular, o que é especialmente útil se você não tiver o hardware mais recente. Crysis 2 Tessellation Analysis. This iteration of DirectX includes graphics in full color, video support, rich audio streaming and the ability to run 3D graphics with. forums. Specially on the latest version of ppsspp you merge the important feature which is called (Hardware Tessellation). BSP and PSP spline hardware tessellation (used by some games) Sustained performance mode to avoid thermal. Watertight tessellation means that there are no gaps between polygons in the tessellation output. Graphics Chip Chronicles Vol. Vertex cache – Tick (Enable). Direct. D 1. LightBlue. 167: 2005:. 4 inches deep, it has the sort of sizable footprint you'd expect from a 16-inch laptop, and it measures 1. x (SM4) hardware 65536 executed vertex shader instructions, unlimited pixel shader instructions At least 24 dynamic branches possible on 2. a) Collection of control points input into Stam's algorithm. It is one of the prevalent PSP emulators with an extensive user base. These are independently used by clients. Hello everyone! It is my understanding that Unreal Material tessellation factor is maxed out at value of 64, being a HLSL “branch” from DX11 Shader Model. 6 Watertight Tessellation. The game engine based terrain rendering methods lacks hardware based tessellation for high‐performance. 1k. In Max Payne 3, the last Rockstar RAGE Engine game to be released on PC, tessellation was used subtlety to add curvature to Max's ear and clothes, and to the tires of vehicles. A PSP emulator for Android, Windows, Mac and Linux, written in C++. Hi. Hardware tessellation - On Texture Scaling Upscale Type - xBRZ Upscale level - 2x or more (depending on device capacity) Deposterize - OnFor discussion use the forums at forums. 4, 6. I'm sure it'll help us as a end user. Schäfer2 1Stanford University 2University of Erlangen-Nuremberg 3Microsoft Research Abstract Graphics hardware has been. Then exit out of the file explorer. e. It had a MIPS R4000 CPU at. As a result of recent advances in graphics hardware, in particular the GPU tessellation unit, complex geometry can now be generated on the fly within the GPU's rendering pipeline. 3D 1. 1 uses all of the latest features of GL 4. However, many wellestablished approaches in offline. 1GB in CSO) I was wondering if there was an. Post: #1. , , unreal-engine. This can be done by clicking on the “Modify” icon in the game menu, then on “Modify ” Player etc. Want to contribute?. 1-4 were also released, with some important hang and crash fixes. The Tessellation Evaluation Program (TEP) controls the location of additional points within an input polygon. For example, Metal supports tessellation, but not hull or domain stages. Wi-Fi 6E. Closed Copy link Owner hrydgard commented Jun 17, 2015. The Visual Computer, 31(4):455–469, 2015. Of course, you will need Windows 7 and DX11 hardware to take advantage of this anyway, both of which will basially be brand spanking new technologies to the retail market by December, so one might. DX11 Tessellation Pack (optional download) This free pack containing pre-tessellated geometries is necessary in order to be able to enjoy hardware tessellation on DirectX 11 graphics cards. Reputation: 45. >texture filtering. Klik General. Heaven 2. 0. Hard-Prior Hardware Tessellation Work Dynamic CPU-based tessellation methods are difficult to apply to real-time ren-dering, as the tessellated meshes must be transferred to the GPU continuously. Hardware Tessellation: Hardware tessellation allows parametric surface patches to be evaluated and ren-dered on-chip, greatly reducing costly o -chip memory accesses. Right: pushing the hardware tessellation factor to its maximum value is not always sufficient to completely remove cracks either. Historically, UE has supported hardware tessellation for certain. The PlayStation Portable (PSP) is a handheld game console made by Sony. Like all the other. , more efficient by a factor of ˘6. Hardware tessellation – Tick (Enable). Polygons are directly processed by parallel streaming. A hybrid construction for filling an n-sided hole in a spline complex consists of two parts: a main body formed by several nested surface rings and a tiny central n-sided cap, see Fig. First of all, download PPSSPP apk on your Android smartphone and install it. # Langkah 3 – Setting Tools. Guys, the version is PSP, use the PPSSPP emulator, I can help optimize the emulation settings if you need it. main contribution lies in the way we represent and exploit aRishiraj Crazy Tester: Posts: 56 Joined: Dec 2012 Reputation: 2 Hardware transform feature (Android)If tessellation gives a bonus over just using high-poly models,then why do modern 2012 games still use gigantic models that take a lot of hard disk space instead of tessellating it all and just adjusting the tessellation factor to depend on distance from camera,creating a nice level of detail. Hardware tessellation allows us to defer this process until the game is actually running on the player's computer. However, the quality of PN. Previously to tessellate models, terrain, and such you would need to do the subdivision of the polygon mesh in. This option basically helps emulator to choose between two different recompilation features. However, enabling hardware tessellation without further tessellation of input patches is ineffective. 00. PDF. Hardware tessellation allows efficient rendering of smooth surfaces, including subdivision surfaces, by processing patch primitives in parallel. An interior angle of a square is 90 ∘ and the sum of four interior angles is 360 ∘. msaatex: The ability to access multi-sampled textures (Texture2DMS in HLSL) is. Bluetooth 5. Download the latest ppsspp gold, version 1. Few models with comparable. Turn ON Frameskipping and set it to Auto, 1, 2 or 3 (Odd numbers (1,3,5) work best, Even numbers (2,4,6) may cause flickering in games. PPSSPP and Hardware Tessellation - PERFORMANCE BOOST! Hi All, I just though I'd share my experience tinkering with PPSSPP on my old Samsung Galaxy S5. HW Tessellation what does it do? I cant find any info on what HW Tessallation does in PPSSPP, can someone tell me what it tessellates, because I cant see any difference when its turned on or off, I tested Monster Hunter P3rd and Kingdom Hearts. 1. HW Tessellation what does it do? 10-05-2017, 12:44 AM . Its latest entry, Transport Fever 2, delivers a level of size and detail never before seen in the genre. RetroArch update: You can find the Track Textures inside the Quick Settings - Core Options - Video section and it only shows when using the Vulkan Drivers. post-tessellation corner cache is similar to the transparent vertex cache of Hoppe [Hop99]. chd in the file open dialogs, and stuff like that) using --only-zopfli instead of --use-zopfli generated a file which was larger by ~ 150kb, but it ended much faster as it. PPSSPP and Hardware Tessellation - PERFORMANCE BOOST! Hi All, I just though I'd share my experience tinkering with PPSSPP on my old Samsung Galaxy S5. 0, and allows the hardware to create contiguous geometry on-GPU. 7. PPSSPP 1. 3-inch configurations starting at $1,199. Dynamic Dismemberment using Hardware Tessellation; Volumetric Lighting; Gamma Correct Physically Based Shading; The developer says that these various features will "work great regardless of. I am capable of providing answers to your quest. Keinert2 and M. E Yusov and M Shevtsov. Nießner1 and B. 5 ms, rendering the same amount of polygons using hardware tessellation takes only 0. Yeah the game makes extremely heavy use of tessellation for the road surface, which is not fast in PPSSPP unfortunately. Turn off Hardware Tessellation - unsupported = 关闭. 22. . RSC_TEXTURE_2D_ARRAY Supports 2D Texture Arrays. Nanite makes it possible to have very complex meshes in your scene by rendering them in a more efficient way. 6. Setting PPSSPP Terbaru Anti Lag. 3 Build 321 ขึ้นไป ทางผู้พัฒนาได้เพิ่มการทำงานในส่วนของ Hardware. Ishiiruka has a lot of graphical settings and hacks which set it apart from Dolphin. How-ever, enabling hardware tessellation without further tessella-Hardware tessellation is one of the latest GPU features. 12-01-2013, 11:29 PM. Tutorial 38: Hardware Tessellation. , more efficient by a fac-tor of ∼ 6. 5 coming soon. >stretch to display. (likely hardware issue) Latest: risdonsharp; 5 minutes ago; Windows 10. Programmable tessellation is a new feature of Direct3D 11 and OpenGL 4. This has some serious benefits: The size of the game's 3D content decreases dramatically (fewer discs or smaller downloads, and less hard disk space required). Also, I forgot to mention that the volume buttons (on my device) are also not responding in the game. Terrain Quality is intended to increase the geometric detail of terrain surfaces through tessellation, but this is not working yet according to the Geforce page on the. Vertex shadersThe hardware tessellation draw call is only 4ms. , more efficient by a fac-tor of ∼ 6. .